Doña Isabel Moctezuma (b. 1509 or 1510; d. 1550 or 1551) was a daughter of the Aztec ruler Moctezuma II. After the Spanish conquest, Doña Isabel was recognized as Moctezuma's legitimate heir, and became one of the Mexican Indians granted an encomienda. Among the others were her half-sister Leonor (or Mariana) Moctezuma, and Juan Sánchez, an Indian governor in Oaxaca.[1]
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Doña Isabel's mother was Princess Teotlalco and her birth name was Tecuich(po)tzin, translated as "lord's daughter" in Nahuatl. Teotlalco was Moctezuma's principal wife and, thus, among Moctezuma's daughters Tecuichpotzin had primacy. As a small child, in a dynastic marriage, Tecuichpotzin was married to Atlixcatzin, who was apparently designated by Moctezuma to be his successor as huey tlatoani (emperor). Atlixcatzin died by 1520. As marriage to Tecuichpotzin conferred legitimacy on Moctezuma's successor she was quickly married to her uncle Cuitláhuac who became emperor after Moctezuma's death. Cuitlahuac died of smallpox after only sixty days of rule and Cuauhtemoc became emperor and married Tecuichpotzin. She was only about eleven or twelve years old at the time of her third marriage.[2]
Hernan Cortés and his Spanish army entered Tenochitlan on November 8, 1519, and quickly took Moctezuma as a hostage -- or, according to Cortes, gained his support as an ally. The fate of Moctezuma is uncertain. He may have been murdered by the Spanish or killed by his own people who were increasingly opposed to the presence of the Spanish army in their city. Whichever the case, before his death Moctezuma appealed to Cortés to care for his children and Cortés promised to do so.[3]
However, when the Aztecs revolted and expelled Cortés and his army from Tenochitlan (La Noche Triste, June 30, 1520), Tecuichpotzin was left behind in the city by the Spanish, whether by accident or on purpose is not known. Aztec leaders quickly married her to Cuitlahuac, the new emperor, and, after he died, to Cuauhtemoc. Cortés returned in 1521 with a large army of Spaniards and Indian allies, mostly from Tlaxcala, to assault Tenochitlan. The Aztecs, their numbers and morale depleted by a smallpox epidemic, were defeated. Cuahtemoc and his court attempted to flee Tenochitlan by boat, but they were captured by the Spanish. On surrendering, Cuahtemoc asked the Spanish to respect the ladies of his court, including his young wife Tecuichpotzin.[4]
In 1525, Cortés executed Cuauhtemoc and Tecuichpotzin was widowed for the third time.
Cortés valued Tecuichpotzin as a symbol of what he wished to portray as the continuity of rule between the Aztecs and the Spanish. She was instructed in Christianity, converted to Catholicism, probably in 1526, and baptized as Isabel, the name by which she would thereafter be known. Every indication is that Doña Isabel, the former Aztec princess Tecuichpotzin, was devout in her new religion. She gave generously in alms to the Augustinians, to the point that she was asked to stop.[5] Isabel’s education as a Christian did not include teaching her to read and she remained illiterate.[6]
Cortés arranged the marriage of Doña Isabel to his close colleague Alonso de Grado in June 1526. Part of the marriage arrangement was the granting of a large encomienda to Doña Isabel. The encomienda consisted of the city of Tacuba (about five miles west of Tenochitlan (now called Mexico City) and was the largest encomienda in the Valley of Mexico, an indicator of the importance Cortés gave to Isabel.[7] The encomienda of Doña Isabel endured for centuries. The Spanish and, later, Mexican governments, paid royalties in the form of a pension to the descendants of Doña Isabel until 1933 and a Count of Miravalle, the descendants of Moctezuma, still exists in Spain.[8]
Doña Isabel was described as “very beautiful” and “a very pretty woman for an Indian.”[9] Her fourth husband, Alonso de Grado, died shortly and Isabel, about seventeen years old, was widowed for a fourth time. Cortes took her into his household and shortly she became pregnant. He quickly married her to another associate, Pedro Gallego de Andrade, and the child, christened Leonor Cortes Moctezuma, was born a few months later. The romance, if there had been one between Cortés and Doña Isabel, quickly soured. She apparently refused to recognize the child who was placed in the care of Juan Gutierrez de Altamirano, another close associate of Cortés. Cortés however accepted the child as his own and ensured that she was brought up well and received an inheritance from his and Doña Isabel’s estate.[10] Isabel’s marriage to Gallego produced a son, Juan de Andrade Gallego Moctezuma, born in 1530. However, Gallego died shortly thereafter. In 1532 she married her sixth husband, Juan Cano de Saavedra, by whom she had three sons and two daughters: Pedro, Gonzalo, Juan, Isabel, and Catalina Cano de Moctezuma. Isabel and Catalina became nuns at the first convent in the Americas, El Convento de la Conception de la Madre de Dios. Both daughters were well-educated, as presumably were her sons.[11]
Doña Isabel died in 1550 or 1551. Her estate was large, consisting not only of the encomienda, but also personal possessions she had acquired during her marriage with the Spaniards. Previous to those marriages she had been an Aztec princess who owned nothing except her distinguished name. Her will is one of the few existing indicators of her personality. She directed that her Indian slaves be set free, ordered that one-fifth of the estate be given to the Catholic Church, and that all her outstanding debts, including wages owed to servants, be paid. She had acquired jewelry and other luxury items and requested that many of these be given to her daughters and that other property be sold and one-third of the proceeds go to her daughters. As a deathbed wish, 20 percent of her estate was to be given to Leonor, her illegitimate child by Cortés. This was apparently a dowry as Leonor was married, or soon to be married, to Juan de Tolosa in Zacatecas.[12]
Isabel willed the majority of her encomienda to her eldest son, Juan de Andrade, but his inheritance of her encomienda was disputed by her widower, Juan Cano, and Diego Arias de Sotelo, son-in-law of Leonor (Mariana) Moctezuma, whom he claimed was Moctezuma's true heir. The result after years of litigation was that Arias de Sotelo's claim was dismissed, and Tacuba was divided between Cano and Andrade.[13]
The Miravalle line of Spanish royalty began with Isabel's son, Juan de Andrade. Her sons, Pedro and Gonzalo Cano, became prominent citizens of Mexico City. Her son, Juan Cano Moctezuma, married into a prominent family in Cáceres, Spain where the Palacio de Toledo-Moctezuma still exists.[14] Isabel's last husband, Juan Cano, died in Seville in 1572.
We know very little about Doña Isabel beyond a few facts of her life. She seems to have been more than a mere pawn in the hands of Aztec royalty and Spanish conquerors. Her will reveals her to have been a decisive and strong woman who was generous and thoughtful. She seems to have made the transition from Aztec princess to Spanish Doña successfully. Her descendants were the most prominent example of her day of mestizaje – the mixture of Spanish and Indian ancestries – that would characterize the future of Mexico. The Spanish wished to inculcate in the Indians "the economic, religious, and cultural orientation of Spain."[15] Isabel, whether by desire or necessity, was the first great success of the assimilation of Spanish and Indian.